Experimental Investigation of Surges in a Stormwater Storage Tunnel

Below grade storage tunnels in stormwater systems are usually designed to operate in a free-surface flow regime. However, intense rain events may trigger flow regime transition to pressurized flow, which results in operational problems. To date, little guidance is available as to the considerations necessary to properly design a system undergoing flow regime transition. In this investigation, an experimental apparatus consisting of a 14.3 m long, 94 mm diameter acrylic pipe was used to observe the nature of flows in such conditions. It was noticed that the air near the pipe crown may pressurize and influence the flow dynamics. Qualitative observations regarding the interactions between the air and water phases during the filling events are included in this study. Generally the surge intensity was maximized when a hydraulic bore propagating towards the surge riser just fills the pipe cross-section, and it increased with the pressure head behind the pressurization front. Furthermore, the results indicate that the effects of air phase pressurization should be properly included in numerical simulations if ventilation conditions are limited.